Galle: Sri Lanka’s Historic Fort City

Galle is a city on the southern coast of Sri Lanka, about 105 kilometres southeast of Colombo. It developed around a natural harbour and is known for its maritime history, colonial architecture and historic Galle Fort.Galle’s history as a trading port dates back to ancient times. Historical records describe trade connections involving Arab, Chinese, Greek and Roman merchants. Its location along sea routes connecting South Asia with other parts of the Indian Ocean helped it develop as a trading centre.European involvement in Galle began in 1505, when a Portuguese fleet led by Lourenco de Almeida arrived at the harbour. The Portuguese later established fortifications on the rocky peninsula to protect their commercial interests, including the spice trade. In 1588, they built an early fortification at the site.The Dutch captured Galle from the Portuguese in 1640. They expanded the existing fortifications and constructed defensive walls, churches, administrative buildings and commercial properties. Much of the historic fortified town that remains today reflects the Dutch period.Galle Fort occupies a 52-hectare rocky peninsula extending into the Indian Ocean. It is regarded as the largest surviving European-built fortress in Asia. Its streets contain historic churches, mosques, administrative buildings, residences and businesses, reflecting the town’s development under European colonial rule.Several landmarks remain within the fort. The Dutch Reformed Church, built in 1755, is one of its notable historic buildings. The former Dutch Hospital has been restored and adapted for modern use, while the Point Utrecht Lighthouse stands near the southern end of the fortified area. All Saints’ Church and the Galle Clock Tower are other landmarks within the historic town.The British took control of Galle after the Dutch lost their territories in Sri Lanka. They modified parts of the fort while continuing to use the town for administrative and commercial purposes. Buildings and structures from this period added to the architectural character of the city.In 1988, the Old Town of Galle and its Fortifications were added to the UNESCO World Heritage List. The designation recognises the historic fortified town, its defensive structures and its architectural heritage, which reflect centuries of European influence and maritime trade.Galle also has several museums that preserve the region’s history. The National Maritime Museum explores the city’s seafaring past and its connections with Indian Ocean trade, while the Galle National Museum displays historical and cultural artefacts associated with the region.Beyond the fort, the surrounding coast includes several natural attractions. Rumassala, a hill near Unawatuna, offers views of the coastline and opportunities for walks. Unawatuna Beach is located nearby, while the Japanese Peace Pagoda overlooks the ocean from the Rumassala area.